 |
Saints and Sinners
Sculpture
by Marshall Fredericks
Oakland
University Library Mall
Rochester, Michigan
|
Background Information
Saints and Sinners find a home, by Kathy
Parrish
Saints and Sinners: the story of their acquisition,
by Jeffrey Haight.
Minutes from the Meeting Authorizing the
Purchase of the "Saints and Sinners" Sculptures
Letter from former Oakland University President
Donald O'Dowd
Seven Saints and Sinners
Sketches of Proposed Sites for the Sculptures
Bibliography
Background
Information
Ground Breaking: April 19, 1976
[1]
Dedication: September 9, 1976 [2]
Cost: $63,505.39 [3], $68,000 [4]
Funding: Received $100,000 from Josephine S.Gordon
Foundation of Detroit to commission sculpture.
Money for the project was to come from capital outlay funds,
the Irene C. Wellock trust, and
the University's President Club, a group of individuals supporting
the institution and its programs. [5]
Consultant: Johnson, Johnson and Ray,
Inc. 303 North Main St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104 [6]
Construction: Wyden Construction, Inc.
P.O. Box 1111, Southgate, MI 48195 [6]
Square Footage: 25 x
50 foot oval, 7 bronze pieces, each 9' 6" high
[8]
Sculptor: Marshall
Fredericks of Royal Oak [9]
Photograph: [10],[11],[12]
History: Craig Redfern,
member of Commuter Council staged a contest for
students to nickname the fountain. [13]
***************************************************
References:
1,8,9 - Oakland Sail, March 24, 1976
2 - Oakland Sail, Aug. 27, 1976
3,6,7 - Campus Facilities and Operations Office
10 - Oakland Sail, Jan. 16, 1978
11 - Oakland Sail, Feb. 5, 1979
12 - Oakland Sail, Aug. 25, 1980
13 - Oakland Sail, Sept. 22, 1976
"Saints
and Sinners' find a home," by Kathy Parrish. From:
In-Touch: a publication for Oakland University Alumni.
January, 1977, p. 1,4
For 30 years, whenever he wasn't working on a commission,
sculptor Marshall Fredericks turned his attention to seven
"special" figures tucked away in his studio
Now standing in a fountain-pool outside Oakland University"s
Kresge Library, the slender "Saints and Sinners"
were true labors of love. "I just wanted
to do them," recalls the world-renowned sculptor, whose
other works include the massive Spirit of Detroit and Indian
River Crucifix.
Oakland's first major exterior sculpture, "Saints and
Sinners" was dedicated Oct. 22. The $100,000 sculpture
was given by the Josephine E. Gordon Foundation. The
setting was provided by the Irene C. Wellock Trust and Oakland
University Foundation.
Totally different from the large awe-inspiring pieces Fredericks
is known for, Oakland's sculpture is a lighthearted look at
saints and sinners. Fredericks grins slyly when
describing the 10-foot bronze figures. To him
they represent good, evil, temptation, knowledge of good and
evil, a saint of the church, a mother and child, and a warrior
saint. Fredericks made small models of the sculpture
shortly after World War II. He wanted to do them bigger
"but the occasion never arose." Sometimes
they would sit for months, but he always went back to them.
"They were really rather special with me, " explained
the Illinois native now based in Royal Oak, Michigan. "I
liked the idea of making them tall and thin like columns -
almost like trees."
"And there was the fun of comparing saints and sinners
and letting people guess why one sinner is this way and another
that way. I tried to put humor in the faces and gestures."
Also fascinated by the sculpture was Fredericks's doctor,
Warren Cooksey of Troy. He arranged for its Oakland
home.
Fredericks is "thrilled" with the new location
of "Saints and Sinners." The "figures
are youthful - something students can relate to," explained
the proud grandfather whose prime interest in art has been
to reach young people and appeal to them.
"They can be harsh critics. But by being interested they
make you feel so good." His university commissions
include several pieces at the University of Michigan.
He also feels it's important for a campus to have art -and
humor. "Put that money into the general
fund and it would be gone in a week. Here it will last forever,"
he explained. "But I couldn't see some
struggling theoretical thing everyone is frightened and depressed
by."
"And I think Oakland is a wonderful place," he
added. "It's a tremendous asset to the community
and out in a place where it can grow without a lot of the
problems of an urban area." Fredericks, who says
he has probably done more large public works than any other
U.S. sculptor, has no "real favorite. It's sort
of like your children. Each has a different meaning to you,"
he said. "Some of the works mean more because they
were a greater challenge, required greater concentration and
effort than others."
His pleasure comes from taking an idea and seeing it "develop
into a positive complete thing from nothing. I worry about
artists who don't have the joy of making something themselves;
they let a company have the joy. Everything I've done
I've made every inch myself - and that's where I've gotten
the pleasure - in doing something because you really love
to see it done. And to the best of your ability."
Fredericks who jokingly withholds his age saying only that
he's "old enough to vote absentee ballot," still
works six and a half days a week. Among his awards
are the American Institute of Architects' Fine Arts Medal
and a gold medal from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts
and Letters.
Saints
and Sinners
The story of their acquisition
by Oakland University
by Jeffrey M. Haight
November 12, 1985
| Acknowledgments
To those individuals
whose cooperation and assistance was of great value
in the research of "Saints and Sinners."
Marshall Fredericks
B.J. Griffin
Marion Bunt
George Karas
John B. Cameron
W. Patrick Strauss
Robert G. Gaylor
The critical advice
of these people made this a much better study than it
originally was. |
Photo published by: Ruth Graham, Grosse
Pointe Woods, MI
|
As students scamper off to class in their quest for knowledge,
their paths lead them past the sculpture in front of Kresge
Library. With little time to spare, they have but a brief
moment or two in which they cast a glance at the figures as
if showing them a form of deference. Yet students do find
the time to eventually stop and view the sculptures with a
curious eye, hoping to unlock their meaning. The fact
that they have intrigued so many would please those responsible
for obtaining them since it was
their belief that the sculpture would be well received by
the students now and in the years to come. The sculpture entitled
"Saints and Sinners" was obtained to provide the
students with an appealing form of art which they could appreciate,
while enhancing the picturesque landscape of the campus.
The "Saints and Sinners" sculpture, which is located
on Kresge Library's western entrance, is the creation
of world-renowned sculptor Marshall Fredericks. Fredericks,
who studied under Carl Milles in Stockholm and later joined
his staff at Cranbrook, shows some of Milles influence in
this and other works. Although many students feel that
the seven figures bear some form of a religious or social
message, Marshall Fredericks would be the first to tell you
that there is none. According to Fredericks, "these
figures are very light-hearted and were designed to be humorous
and pleasant with no hidden social message." [1] He felt
that they were quite suitable to the taste of more youthful
college audience which could appreciate and admire its simplicity
in a tense academic environment. Although first
interpreted by the students as "resembling certain administration
and faculty members"[2], Fredericks offers a somewhat
differing interpretation. To him, the seven figures
represent "good, evil, temptation, knowledge of good
and evil, a saint of the church, a mother and child,
and a warrior saint."[3] Upon closer examination
of the facial expressions and gestures, its humorous style
becomes apparent to even the most inexperienced of critics.
The rather imposing and streamlined figures stand approximately
ten feet in height and are made of cast bronze.
Although the seven figures have made
Oakland their home, they were not originally commissioned
for the university. In fact, the "Saints and Sinners"
figures were not a commissioned work at all, but a personal
project of Fredericks. For nearly thirty years, whenever
he wasn't working on a commissioned work, Fredericks would
turn his attention towards the figures. Each one was worked
on individually and was designed "from smaller models
of the sculpture made shortly after World War II". [4]
Over the years, the figures had been carefully stored in Fredericks
studio. They were first brought to the attention of Oakland
University through the good services of Doctor Warren B. Cooksey.
Dr. Cooksey, who had been active in the affairs of Oakland
through his services in the Oakland University President's
Club, became intrigued with the idea of bringing the sculpture
to the university. Dr. Cooksey felt that the funds to
purchase "Saints and Sinners" could be obtained
from the Josephine E. Gordon Foundation of which he
was a member. In a memorandum which was sent to Oakland University
President Donald D. O'Dowd on October 5, 1973, he continued
to express his interest in obtaining the figures. He
informed President O'Dowd that the Josephine E. Gordon Foundation
had "a source of funds (from interest charges) which
they did not anticipate."[5]
The Foundation, which provides funds for educational, charitable,
religious, scientific and literary purposes for the public
welfare, discussed the matter with Dr. Cooksey.[6]
To Dr. Cooksey's pleasure, the Foundation's Board approved
a donation of $100,000 to Oakland University for the
purchase of "Saints and Sinners." Oakland
University officially accepted this generous donation on June
26, 1974, as President O'Dowd's resolution to accept
this generous donation before the Board of Trustee's was adopted.
In addition, the Board also authorized "the expenditure
of funds granted by the Oakland University Foundation
to install the sculptures in an appropriate and aesthetically
pleasing manner on the Oakland University Campus." [7]
Perhaps one of the most interesting of problems posed by
the "Saints and Sinners" sculpture was where
its location on campus should be. There were several sites
which were first proposed (these are shown in the sketches
in back), which prompted the University to employ the consulting
engineering firm of Johnson, Johnson, & Roy, Inc., to
study the feasibility of each site. The Ann Arbor firm's findings
had led to a narrowing of the field to three sites for consideration:
the Library mall site, the Oakland Center site, and the Beer
Lake site. In choosing between the three sites, there were
three basic criteria which had to be taken into consideration.
These three, in their order of importance, were "the
cost and ease of installation, easy access and exposure to
public viewing, and easy access to the water supply."
[8] Of the three sites, the Library mall location proved
to be the most practical since its costs were relatively moderate
and its location guaranteed it easy access to water and exposure
to public viewing. Reason for the unacceptability of
the other sites extended beyond expense and into other areas.
For example, Beer Lake would have to contend with the
problem of ice in the winter, while the Oakland Center site
was under consideration for the construction of a new building.
[9] With these factors taken into consideration, the
decision to locate the sculpture in front of Kresge Library
was made with relative ease.
The final task of the project involved the construction of
the fountain and pool setting for the figures. The funds for
such an undertaking were made available to the university
the form of a bequest from the estate of Irene C. Wellock
for $80,000 and an additional $15,000 was provided by the
Oakland University Foundation. The contract for the project
was awarded to the Wydan Construction company whose
budget, as reviewed by Johnson, Johnson, Roy, reads as follows:
| Architects Fees |
$5,500 |
|
| Construction: |
|
|
| |
Wydan Construction, Inc. |
$59, 450 |
|
| |
Inspection & Engineering |
$1,250 |
|
| Contingency |
$1,800 |
[10] |
The construction of the fountain was completed in 1976 with
no major problems encountered. Apparently, the only deviation
from the original design was to use polished marble instead
of sawed marble since the polished marble was by far more
complimentary and agreeable with the sculptures' other features.
Installation of the "Saints and Sinners" figures
was done in ample time for the dedication ceremony which took
place on October 22, 1976. The ceremony which was closed to
the public was attended by those individuals and organizations
whose contributions and dedication to the "Saints and
Sinners" project made possible the attainment of Oakland
University's first major sculpture. The fifty individuals
who were in attendance that day were mostly members of the
following organizations:
Josephine E. Gordon Foundation
Oakland University's Board of Trustees
Executive Committee of the President's Club
The University President's Administrative Group
Executive Trustees of the Oakland University Foundation
[11]
As the "Saints and Sinners" sculpture nears its
tenth anniversary at Oakland University (1976-1986),
the figures have become as much a part of the campus
scene as Beer Lake, soccer or Saga. The contributions of those
individuals whose efforts rewarded the university with its
first major sculpture have not been lost upon the students.
At times, their concern for the well-being of the figures
has been shown that it knows no bounds. After all, how
often do figures in other sculptures receive mittens and scarves
for those cold winter nights?
Endnotes
[1] Telephone interview with Marshall Fredericks, Sculptor
(Saints and Sinners), 17 September 1985.
[2] "Five sculptors of the Midwest," National
Sculpture Review, Spring, 1976, p. 1.
[3] Kathy Parrish, "Saints and Sinners find a home,"
In Touch, January 1977, p. 1
[4] Telephone interview with Marshall Fredericks, Sculptor
(Saints and Sinners), 17 September 1985
[5] Memorandum to Oakland University President Donald D. O'Dowd
from Glenn Brown, Assistant President for Campus Development,
5 October 1973.
[6] Marianna O. Lewis, ed., The Foundation Directory,
4th ed. (New York: Columbia University Press,
1971), p. 181
[7] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Trustees, Oakland
University, Rochester, Michigan, 26 June 1974.
[8] Telephone interview with George Karas, Oakland University
Engineer, 29 October 1985.
[9] Ibid.
[10] Memorandum to Dr. Kenneth H. Coffin, Vice President for
Campus and Student Affairs, from George Karas, Oakland
University Engineer, 9 February 1976.
[11] Telephone interview with B. J. Griffin, Oakland University
Development Office, 30 October 1985.
Other works by Marshall Fredericks
"Worlds Fountain, New York, 1939;
Rackham Memorial Building, Detroit;
Veterans Memorial Building, Detroit;
University of Michigan;
Louisville-Courier Journal Building;
Fort Street Station, Detroit;
Eaton Manufacturing Company, war memorial;
Cranbrook Academy of Arts;
City of Detroit Coll.;
Detroit Institute of Art;
Cleveland School of Art;
Jefferson School, Window, Michigan;
Holy Ghost Seminary, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
Ohio State University;
Ford Auditorium, Detroit:
Dallas (Texas) Public Library;
Detroit Zoological Park;
Indian River (Michigan) Catholic Shrine;
Beaumont Hospital, Detroit;
Michigan Horticultural Society;
General Motors Corporation;
Chrysler Corporation;
Dow Chemical Corporation;
City of Grand Rapids Coll.;
St. John's Church, Ft. Wayne [1*];
Milwaukee Public Museum, Wisconsin;
Emigrants Monument, Scavenger, Norway;
Miles Garden, Stockholm, Sweden;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Copenhagen, Denmark;
Brookgreen Garden's, Giddes Gallery, Charleston, South Carolina;
Sterling Heights, Michigan; and others." [2*]
[1*] Gilbert, Dorothy B., ed. Who's Who in American Art.
New York: R.R. Bowker, 1962.
[2*] Cattell, Jaques, ed. Who's Who in American Art.
New York: R.R. Bowker, 1984.
Bibliography
Fredericks, Marshall, Sculptor (Saints and Sinners),
Telephone interview, 17 September 1985.
"Five sculptors of the Midwest," National Sculpture
Review, Spring, 1978. p. 11
Parrish, Kathy. "Saints and Sinners find a home,"
In Touch, January 1977.
Brown, Glenn, Assistant President for Campus Development.
Memorandum to Oakland University President Donald D. O'Dowd.
5 October 1974.
Lewis, Marianna O. ed. The Foundation Directory.
4th ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan. Board of Trustees.
Minutes of the meeting of 16 June 1974.
Karas, George, Oakland University Engineer. Telephone
interview, 29 October 1985.
Karas, George, Oakland University Engineer. Memorandum
to Dr. Kenneth H. Coffman, Vice President for Campus and Student
Affairs. 9 February 1976.
Griffin, B.J. Oakland University Development Office.
Telephone interview, 30 October 1985.
[Used with permission of Jeffrey M. Haight}
Minutes
from the Meeting Authorizing the Purchase of the "Saints
and Sinners" Sculptures
Oakland University Foundation
Executive Trustees Meeting
July 2, 1974
Present: Mses. Johnson, Lewis, and Mitchell and Messrs.
Cross, Goad, George, Fitzgerald, Howlett, Lewis, McGregor,
Weston, O'Dowd, Swanson, and Dearth.
The meeting, with Mr. Goad presiding, began with the Treasurer's
report submitted by Robert Swanson. Upon a motion by
Harold Fitzgerald, seconded by Milo Cross, the report was
accepted and authorization was given to transfer moneys to
the Meadow Brook Five-Year Fund where such gifts were so specified.
Mr. Goad appointed Mr. Fitzgerald and Mr. Cross to the Nominating
Committee to report at the Oct. 17 Annual Meeting.
Mr. Dearth reported on the growth of the President's Club
which now stands at 81 active members including nine new members
since October, 1973. Another member-guest event is planned
for August 18 at the MeadowBrook Festival and Meadow Brook
Hall to which members and potential members of the presidents
Club will be invited.
President O'Dowd's report mentioned the gift to the university
of a pipe organ from Mr. Roger Kyes, the second nine holes
of the new gold course from Mr. and Mr. Harold Cousins, the
bequest from the estate of Irene Wellock of approximately
$80,000, and the gift of $100,000 from the Josephine Gordon
Fund to be used to purchase Marshall Fredericks' "Saints
and Sinners" sculptures.
President O'Dowd asked the Foundation to approve an expenditure
of up to $15,000 for a base for the sculptures and a $10,000
grant to match student fund raising for the Village Project.
Upon a motion by Mr. Weston, seconded by Mr. McGregor, this
money was authorized.
President O'Dowd concluded his report with some comments
about the new international programs now underway, the Upward
Bound Fine Arts program and the plans for the new Public Safety
and Service Building. He also mentioned the need for
a new classroom building of approximately $6,000,000 cost
which is being considered by the Legislature.
There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned
at 5:05.
Respectfully submitted,
Robert A. Dearth
Executive Director
Letter
from former Oakland University President Donald O'Dowd,
written while he was at the University of Alaska to his former
OU secretary B.J. Griffin.
December 11, 1985
Ms. B.J. Griffin
Office of Development
Oakland University
Rochester, Michigan 48063
Dear B.J.:
Thanks very much for sending me a copy of Jeffrey M. Haight's
paper on "Saints and Sinners". It does recall
a lot of events and memories which have become rather dim
with the passage of time and the interference from two other
universities.
As best I can recall, Mr. Haight's recreation of the events
of the mid-sixties surrounding the acquisition and installation
of Saints and Sinners is very accurate. I would
only add that Warren Cooksey envisioned the installation of
the Saints and Sinners statue a number of years before the
project was actually organized and funded. I suspect
he started talking to me about this proposal as early as 1970
and probably discussed it with Woody even before that.
I know that Dr. Cooksey had developed a genuine affection
for this particular piece of sculpture and very much pictured
it as an adornment for the University campus.
After a time I got to know Marshall Fredericks, probably
through the Cookseys, and became better acquainted with his
work and frankly I was charmed by it and by him.
Marshall's work has a lightness of touch, wonderful good humor
and a whimsical quality that characterized few sculptors of
this or any other era. He is also a masterful technician
and his work has a great deal of technical integrity. This
combination seemed to be a good one for the University.
I judged that the type of work that he was creating would
have a long-term appeal to students particularly as their
attitudes and ideas were changing in the mid-seventies toward
the direction that we see so firmly entrenched today.
It was a guess as to what the future generation would value
and I think maybe we guessed right. As you know a lot
of people were critical of the acquisition and installation
of the statue, arguing that it was too representational, dated
and reminiscent of another era. That was probably true
in the early seventies - I suspect it is less true today.
I believe the individual figures were indeed named for members
of the administration and at times the several figures were
clearly identified with various members of the central office
and the individual colleges.
As I read through the document I wondered if Warren Cooksey
was a member of the foundation Executive Committee. I know
that he was quite active in Foundation affairs although that
may have been primarily through his role in the President's
Club.
In any case, it is an excellent paper and is accurate and
complete to the best of my knowledge.
With love, Don
[Used with permission of Donald D. O'Dowd. A copy of
this letter was sent to Jeffrey Haight who supplied it for
this page.]
Seven
Saints and Sinners
(click
thumbnails for larger image)
 |
| THE GOOD INFLUENCE |
|
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| PIOUS MONK/SAINT OF THE CHURCH |
|
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| EVE/KNOWLEDGE OF GOOD AND EVIL |
|
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| MOTHER AND CHILD |
|
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| TEMPTATION |
|
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| WARRIOR SAINT |
|
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| THE EVIL INFLUENCE |
|
Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum, Saginaw, Michigan,
plaster originals, 1976
Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, bronze, 1976
Midland Center for the Arts, Midland, Michigan, bronze, 1977
Sketches
of Proposed Sites for the Sculptures:
(click
thumbnails for larger image)
Back to TOP
/ TEXT
Beer Lake |
Library Mall - East |
Library Mall - West |
Oakland Center |
Wilson Hall |
Varner Hall |
Meadowbrook Festival |
Statues Sketch |
Cover Letter |
Table of Contents |
Unretouched Wilson Hall Sketch |
Unretouched Oakland Center Sketch |
(Sketches
restored by Rob Burns)
Back to TOP
/ TEXT
Bibliography:
Articles on Fredericks:
A.I.A. fine arts medal for 1952. por (p.
20) American Institute of Architects Journal 18: 3
July 1952
Architecture and sculpture. American
Institute of Architects Journal 18: 6-8 July '52
Awarded AIA fine arts medal. por Magazine
of Building (house and home edition) 1:1963 June '52
Beyond the graven images: sculptor's campus presence stirs
debate after death, by Jenni Glenn.
Michigan
Daily, 9-23-99.
Five sculptors of the Midwest. National Sculpture Review
27 no. 1: 11 Spring 1978 il: Saints and
sinners fountain
Fountain creator passes away," by
Pam Hendrix. Oakland Post, April 8, 1998 (online)
Levi Barbour memorial fountain. M. Fredericks,
sculptor. il Pencil Points 18:92-5 Fall
1939
'Man of the Expanding Universe' : Marshall M. Fredericks
fountain restored and rededicated at the State-Department-Building
in Washington, DC." Sculpture Review 45,
no. 4 (SPR 1997): 35
Marshall Fredericks. IN: Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture,
by Robin R. Salmon. Brookgreen, SC: Brookgreen Gardens, 1993.
v. 2, pp. 126-137, 219.
Marshall Fredericks honored (Sun worshiper). Sculpture
Review 43, no. 4 (WIN 1995): 33
NSS presents awards. National Sculpture Review 31
no. 2: 27 Summer 1982
Portrait. Architectural Record
112: 11 July 1952
Public sculpture, the talk of the town.
M. Lantz. National Sculpture Review 31 no. 1: 22-3
Spring 1982 il: model for Mother Bear and Baby (2)
Recent dedications. National Sculpture
Review 27 no. 1:20 Spring 1978 il: Henry Ford
I memorial
'Saints and Sinners' find a home, by Kathy Parrish, In
Touch, January 1977.
Sculptor to the people. E. W. Watson. il.
por. American Artist 18:36-41+ Summer 1954
"Sculpture was local, images were global," by Patricia
Montermurri. Detroit Free Press, April
6, 1998
Reproductions of Fredericks
sculpture:
Acrobat. Pencil Points
20: 661 October 1939
Baboon Fountain. Pencil Points
20: 662-3 October 1939
Barbour
fountain. National Sculpture Review 22 no. 4:24 Winter
1973-74
Bas relief for Beaumont Hospital, Royal
Oak, Michigan. Architectural Record 119: 28 May 1956
Bear. Royal Architectural Institute
of Canada Journal 33:229 June 1956
Bear. National Sculpture Review
18 no. 2: 9 Summer 1969
Bear and boy. Architectural Forum
100: 118 June 1954
Bear and boy. Arts & Architecture
72: 23 May 1955
Childhood friends (bronze). Sculpture
review 35:11 Spring 1986
Eaton manufacturing medal. National
Sculpture Review 20, no. 3: 17 Fall 1971
Flying geese. National Sculpture Review
30 no.4:21 Winter 1981-82
Flying gulls. National Sculpture Review
19 no. 2: 14 Summer 1969
Friendly frog. National Sculpture Review
20, no. 4:20 Winter 1971-72
Gazelle. National Sculpture Review 21
no. 3: 6 Fall 1972
Gazelle (bronze, 1972). Sculpture Review
40 no.2: 27 1991
Gazelle medal (1977). National Sculpture
Review 30 no. 1: covs Spring 1981 (2 views)
Juggler. Pencil Points 20: 661 October
'39
Levi Barbour memorial fountain. M. Fredericks,
sculptor. il Pencil Points 18:92-5 Fall
1939
Man and the expanding universe (bronze,
nickel, glass, Mosaic and granite). Sculpture Review
32 no. 4:13 Winter 1984-84
Ohio Union Building panels. National
Sculpture Review 21, no. 2: 19 Summer 1972
Persephone, goddess of spring. National
Sculpture Review 22 no. 3:14 Fall 1973
Portrait of a Japanese. Cleveland Museum
Bulletin 18:95 May '31 Art Digest 5:5 June 1931
Portraits of farm animals. Magazine
of Art 34:435 October 1941
Sisters. Pencil Points 20: 261-2
May 1939
Torso of a dancer. Magazine of Art
32:653 November 1939
Torso of a dancer. Pencil Points
20: 664 October 1939
Warrior saint. National Sculpture Review
25 no. 4: 11 Winter 1976-77
image by Robert Slater
last updated 7/2/03
comments to: Linda Hildebrand
Created on 12/12/06 by 11/21/02
by
Linda Hildebrand
/ Last updated on
2/4/13 by
Rob Burns